Moreover, LCC has been used to support the assessment of ecosystem services and their spatial and temporal patterns (Atumane and Cabral 2021 Mahamane et al. In Mozambique, LCC has been considered a tool to monitor the achievements of several international commitments including the Aichi Targets of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), the REDD + (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Land degradation neutrality (LDN) initiative of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly the SDG target 15.3 dedicated to the restoration of degraded land and soil. Land cover change (LCC) is a complex and dynamic process influenced by social, economic, and biophysical factors that can cause significant impacts on land productivity, biodiversity conservation, and greenhouse gases emissions and removal (Geist and Lambin 2002 Kleemann et al. Our study confirmed that LCC is a complex phenomenon, and the augmented visual interpretation methodology can effectively complement and integrate the LCC analyses conducted using the traditional wall-to-wall mapping to support national land assessment and forest inventories and provide training data for environmental modeling. This result can be explained considering a combination of ecological and socio-economic factors, as well as the conservative role played by the protected areas. Deforestation is not occurring evenly throughout the country with some provinces, such as Nampula and Zambezia, characterized by higher rates than others, such as Gaza and Niassa. The analysis showed that Mozambique has gone through significant loss of forest (− 1.3 Mha) mainly to the conversion to cropland. ![]() A set of 23,938 randomly selected plots, with an area of 0.5 hectares, placed on a 4 × 4 km regular grid over the entire country, was assessed using CE. This study aimed to conduct an LCC assessment using CE for the entire Mozambique, and according to three different land classifications: administrative boundaries (provinces), ecoregions, and protected vs unprotected areas. In this study, LCC was assessed using a point-based sampling approach through Open Foris Collect Earth (CE), a free and open-source software for land assessment developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The assessment of LCC is particularly relevant in a country like Mozambique where livelihood strongly depends on natural resources. ![]() Land cover change (LCC) is a complex and dynamic process influenced by social, economic, and biophysical factors that can cause significant impacts on ecological processes and biodiversity conservation.
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